Literary Techniques in “The Things They Carried” Essay

A literary technique is a device employed in literature to add depth to a writer’s work. These techniques can be obvious, such as the technique of rhyme in a poem, or subtle, such as juxtaposition, which can go unnoticed by the reader. In The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien uses many such techniques to provide more depth to his book. Four literary techniques used by Tim O’Brien are symbolism, pathetic fallacy, irony, and juxtaposition. One literary technique prominent in The Things They Carried, particularly in the story by the same name, is symbolism. Throughout this story, O’Brien mentions all the things that the soldiers carry with them, both physical and emotional. However, the physical items that the men carried is more than just equipment- they are symbols that represent various facets of each soldier’s personality. For example, â€Å"Rat Kiley carried†¦ morphine and plasma and malaria tablets and surgical tape†¦ and all the things a medic must carry, including M&M’s for especially bad wounds† (O’Brien 5). The fact that Kiley carried medical necessities shows that he is a good paramedic devoted to doing his job well, but the M&M’s represent something different- Kiley’s optimistic and kind outlook on the war and life in general. Conversely, the tranquilizers carried by Ted Lavender represent his terror of the fighting in the war and his inability to face reality, rather choosing to escape from it by taking drugs. This is an effective technique because, by using these symbols, O’Brien can let the reader figure out for him/herself deeper aspects of certain characters’ personalities without actually stating them outright. Another literary device Tim O’Brien employs is pathetic fallacy, or nature mirroring humans’ emotions. In the story Speaking of Courage, Norman Bowker attempts to save Kiowa’s life but fails. He becomes depressed and remorseful about what he should have been able to accomplish. For a long time afterward, Bowker struggles with the fact that he was â€Å"braver than he ever thought possible, but†¦ not so brave as he wanted to be† (153); he is overcome with sadness and guilt. This is reflected in the weather at the time of Kiowa’s death. The soldiers were camping out in a field along the Song Tra Bong, and â€Å"the rain kept getting worse. And by midnight the field turned into soup† (145). The rain emulates the emotions of the weary and despondent soldiers. Pathetic fallacy is a very useful technique because it helps to provide the tone for the story. If the story was a sad one but the weather was bright and sunny, the tone of the story would be wrong, and vice versa. In Speaking of Courage, the fact that it was raining during the main event of the story helps the reader gain and understanding of just how bleak and dismal the events that occurred were. Irony, or a discrepancy between expectation and reality, is another literary technique used by Tim O’Brien in The Things They Carried. Many of the titles of the stories contain irony themselves. For example, Speaking of Courage is more centred on the themes of failure and the inability to be courageous than it is about courage. The story Love is not, as it would seem, about mutual love, but rather unrequited love. Field Trip, an expression with a usually very positive connotation, is a story about a visit to a battleground where many lives had been lost. The Story How to Tell a True War Story also contains much irony within it. The main point of this story is that a true war story cannot be told because the simple act of telling it makes it untrue. The title of this story is ironic- O’Brien makes the reader think that he wants to instruct them how to tell a true war story, but the reader soon finds out O’Brien’s real intention- that telling a true war story is impossible. Another ironic idea within this story is the idea that war can be beautiful. â€Å"You hate it, yes, but your eyes do not. Like a forest fire, like cancer under a microscope, any battle†¦ has†¦ a powerful, implacable beauty† (81). This catches the reader off-guard because of how greatly it contrasts with the view of war we have been previously given. He continues to say that, â€Å"a true war story will tell the truth about this, though the truth is ugly† (81). This is very ironic because although the actual event may be beautiful, if a true story is told about it, the story is ugly. This adds to O’Brien’s point that telling a story, even a true one, can only take away from the truth of the event. Using irony, O’Brien can present his message in a creative an interesting way, and this helps the readers understand his point better. Another technique used by Tim O’Brien is juxtaposition. The story The Lives of the Dead seems to be a bit of a non-sequitur to the rest of the book, however, O’Brien has put it where it is for a reason. The point of The Things They Carried is not simply to tell stories about the Vietnam War- the lesson goes deeper than that. It comes to teach that war is about more than just fighting- it is about the connection between life and death. It is about learning to detach oneself from death. It is about the sacredness and fragility of life. It is about so many things that many people never have to experience. But the Vietnam War is not O’Brien’s first time coming into contact with these kinds of issues. As a child, he had a beloved friend named Linda who died of cancer. Linda’s death was a major part of his growing up process. As a child, he already had to learn to distance himself from her death, saying, â€Å"It didn’t seem real†¦ the girl lying in the white casket wasn’t Linda† (241). And although he did not realize it at the time, her death helped him to deal with all the deaths he encountered in the war. For example, when Curt Lemon dies, O’Brien refuses to see his body as a friend who died. Instead he says, â€Å"his body was not really a body, but rather one small bit of waste in the midst of a much wider wastage† (238). The lessons that O’Brien learned as a child are very relevant and linked to his experiences in the Vietnam War, which is why he chooses to include The Lives of the Dead. But this is not the only message that O’Brien wants us to take out of the inclusion The Lives of the Dead in The Things They Carried- he wants to convey that even though something that happens in one’s life may seem horrible and meaningless, it may become of use to him or her later in life, and it may help him or her to get through an otherwise unmanageable time. O’Brien wants his reader to know that everything in life comes for a purpose. Throughout The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien makes use of many different literary techniques. In the story The Things They Carried, O’Brien uses symbolism. In Speaking of Courage, the literary technique is pathetic fallacy. Irony is used in How to Tell a True War Story, among others, and juxtaposition is used in the story The Lives of the Dead. It can be seen that literary techniques have a simple but powerful effect in The Things They Carried.

Attachment Theory Essay

Hunting and Fishing has been a part of the past and present of America. It plays a vital role in the history. Even in the society today, hunting and fishing contributes a lot in the society. Centuries ago, hunting and fishing are means of survival for the ancient people. But as years pass development began, and the traditional ways of surviving has also developed. The number of hunting and fishing had also decreased. People using hunting and fishing for survival become lesser because of agricultural and industrial development. The purpose of hunting and fishing was also changed, as a survival means to sports. Hunting and fishing was said to be a significant activity in the history and to the society of today. But how does hunting and fishing began? And how it evolved from survival means to a popular sport? Hunting was a way of killing wild animals to obtain something, during the ancient times a person hunts to obtain food, clothing and shelter. It was a necessity during those times; hunting was the primary source of the basic needs of the people. A person hunts to be able to provide the family food, fur and leather for clothing, and hide for shelter. Those times having a good source of the group’s needs makes a strong foundation, it helps a tribe or a group survive. Through the centuries development had occurred and also changed the ways of people, one of these ways is hunting. Hunting gradually lost its purpose as the primary source of food due to agricultural development and manufacturing. But because of the challenge and excitement it offers, people enjoyed hunting and considered it as a past time which later become a sport. Egyptians, Greeks and Romans considered hunting as a sport. For the Greeks, hunting develops a healthy body and well-being. It is not only now that hunting has regulating law, during the 13th century Kublai Khan, a Mongol emperor restrained his subjects from hunting. As well as the Feudal Lords during the 5th-15th century, they restricted the noble people from hunting (it was a popular past time for the nobles). But during the 14th century, the traditional method of hunting was changed when the gunpowder was invented. Instead of using trap, snare, bow and arrow, hunters began to use rifles and shotguns. Rifles and shotguns was easier to use, and has longer range. Though modern methods of hunting was introduced, some hunters still prefer the original weapons used in hunting for the reason that it was more challenging than the modern method. Hunting then became a very popular sport, too popular that it became widely known. But as its popularity arises, the hunted animals became fewer. In 19th century, some of the hunted animals became endangered species. The government to cope with the decreasing number of wildlife regulated the game of hunting. In some state hunting was not allowed anymore, but in some state limitations are set. People are allowed to hunt but during the hunting season only, and there is only a limited amount of animal that can be killed per hunter. Due to the restrictions imposed the number of â€Å"game animals† and endangered species were increased. But this also became a problem; the wild animals became over populated and have to allow hunting again to regulate the amount of the animals. Since then hunting became legal and became a very popular sport. Hunting was considered a recreational activity and increased the tourism of the country. Fishing on the other is the same as hunting; it was known as a source of food. Ancient people use pieces of bones as hooks and the vines as line. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans are the civilization that already uses fishing during those times. An Egyptian writer even wrote some tips on how to fish. In the 2nd and 3rd century a Macedonian wrote about the use of artificial flies to lure fish. In the 15th century â€Å"sport fishing† was introduced. It was not only become popular in America but also in Europe. When it was introduced as a â€Å"sport fishing†, there was already a written book about how to use a fishing rod, how to tie knots in fishing lines and using artificial lures and flies. Many people become very interested in fishing, and these written books made fishing more popular. The â€Å"sport fishing† was not a popular sport only for men but also for women. The participation of women in the â€Å"sport fishing† increased the people’s interest in it. Some organizations are even built to protect the fish habitats. Just like hunting, fishing also undergone the same evolution the hunting had gone to. Through Fishing the tourism and business of the country was increased. Both hunting and fishing was already a necessity in ancient times, people gained many benefits through these methods. It even becomes a tool for survival. Until now, even though hunting and fishing were already considered as a sport or recreational activity the society still gains many benefits from it. Hunting and fishing helps the government in protecting and conserving the wildlife habitat of the country. Because of the popularity of these two sports, the government managed to gain funds to maintain the wildlife reserve. Through the system imposed, taxes are imposed on the manufacturer of weapons used on these methods and on the fuels. There also hunting and fishing fees, these system helps in regulating the wildlife habitat of the country. It even attracted hunters and fishers to create a private group to protect the fishing and wildlife habitat. Because of the protection and conservation, the country managed to maintain an abundant wildlife habitat and increased the tourism of the country. Whether in past or present, hunting and fishing had really played a vital role in the society. In continues to help the country, first for survival and then became for tourism. Hunting and fishing became a part of the culture of the America. These two sports not only provide pleasure and enjoyment, but also protection to the wildlife habitat. Maintaining these two sports was really a great help, not only for the sake of an individual but for the whole society. Sources: The Legally Structured Role of Hunting and Fishing in the US and Abroad. Available at: www. huntingreport. com. Hunting. Available at: www. encarta. msn. com. â€Å"History of Fishing†. Available at: www. activeangler. com.

Adaptation Model of Nursing Analysis

Adaptation Model of Nursing Analysis Roy’s Adaptation Model One of the most prominent nursing theories is the Adaptation Model of Nursing, developed by Sister Callista Roy. It focuses on the human ability to adapt to environmental stimuli through our set of systems; biological, psychological and social. The main goal of this model is to live adequately by striving for balance. The Roy adaptation model interprets the person as a rounded adaptive system constantly interacting with the external and internal environment, with the goal to maintain integrity. According to (Roy and Andrews, 1999), adaptation refers to â€Å"the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons as individuals or in groups, use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration†. There are three levels of adaptation described by Roy each representing the condition of the life processes; integrated, compensatory, and compromised life processes (Master, 129). An integrated life process that is lost may change to a compensatory process, which tries to reestablish adaptation. However if the compensatory process is not enough, it leads to compromised processes. There are two types of coping processes in Roy’s model; innate and acquired. Innate coping mechanisms are genetic, while acquired processes are learned. Coping processes are further categorized into applying to individuals; regulator and cognator subsystems. The regulator subsystem is biological responding through chemical, endocrine, and neural means. The body has a natural response to stimuli such as hormones, electrolytes etc. The cognator subsystem acts by four cognitive emotional channels: perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion (Masters, 129). These subsystems main goal is to maintain the processes of life; integrated, compensatory or compromised. The input of the individual adaptive system comes from the environment. There are three classes of stimuli that Roy has ident ified. The focal stimulus is what the human is instantly aware of in their consciousness. Contextual stimuli are the other stimuli that contribute to the focal stimulus, but are not the focus of the human awareness. Lastly is the residual stimuli, which has unknown effects to the situation at hand. According to Roy’s model, understanding the health of the patient is based on understanding the environment, the adaptive system, and the scientific and philosophic assumptions. Responses made relative to the human goal of thriving promote wholeness of health. Health is both a process and a state of becoming whole and integrated. Assumptions from adaptation level theory and assumptions from systems theory have been combined into a single set of scientific assumptions. From systems theory, human adaptive systems are intermingling parts that cooperate together. Human adaptive systems are complex multifaceted and respond to myriad environmental stimuli to achieve adaptation. With their ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, humans have the capacity to create changes in the environment (Roy & Andrews, 1999). Drawing on characteristics of creation spirituality, Roy combined the assumptions of humanism and vertivity (common purposefulness of human existence) into a single set of philosophical assumptions. Humanism insists that human experiences are essential to knowing and that it has power in creativity. Vertivity affirms the belief in the purpose, value, and meaning of all human life. Roy defines nursing as a â€Å"health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole† (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p.4). Nursing is what expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment. Nursing assesses of stimuli and behavior that influence adaptation. Based on these assessments, interventions are made to manage the stimuli. There are two types of nursing, a science and as a practice discipline. As a science, the goal to â€Å"develop a system of knowledge about persons that observes, classifies, and relates the processes by which persons positively affect their health status† (Roy, 1984, pp. 3-4). As a practice discipline one uses the scientific knowledge to promote health through an essential service (Alligood, 2014). Nursing facilitates adaptation by assessing behavior and intervening to promote adaptive abilities and to enhance environment interactions. According to Roy, humans are adaptive creatures. The human system is a whole with parts that work together to pursue a goal. These human systems include both the individual and the group. Humans systems adjust to the environment and in turn, affect the environment, due to their capability in consciousness and meaning. Roy defined the person as the main focus of nursing, the recipient of nursing care, a living, complex, adaptive system with internal processes (cog nator and regulator) acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes (physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence) (Alligood, 2014). â€Å"Health is a state and a process of being and becoming integrated and a whole person. It is a reflection of adaptation, that is, the interaction of the person and the environment† (Andrews & Roy, 1991, p. 21). Adaptation is a process to enhance psychological, physiological, and social integrity. Health can be perceived as a scale from extreme poor health to peak wellness. However both health and illness can co-exist, the goal of health is to cope with illness in a competent way. Health and illness are one inevitable part of the person’s total life experience (Alligood, 2014). When mechanisms for coping prove to be ineffective, illness persists. Through adaption one can achieve proper health. Environment is â€Å"all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the developme nt and behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and earth resources that includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli† (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 18). In order for adaptive responses to occur changes in the environment must be observed. These changes could be positive or negative, large or small, both internal and external factors. Mrs. Muriel Crane is a 74 year old female presenting to the emergency room because her breathing has become more difficult and she noted an increase in sputum production. Her family physician referred her to the ER for treatment of an acute exacerbation of COPD, a condition she has had for the last10 years. To summarize Roy’s model of adaption, it focuses on the human ability to adapt to various environmental stimuli, both innately and externally. In context to this model, she has various issues to discuss. These issues must be related to human adaptation to the environment/condition, or can b enefit from this theory. First, her breathing problems are a response to her body not being able to receive the oxygen she requires. Getting her oxygen up is a major focus. She is also suffering from a cough, spewing up thick yellow sputum which also keeps her up at night. She is constantly tired, with no energy for daily activities. Over the last month Mrs. Crane has been losing weight, but has no appetite, as she’s under a lot of stress. With a temperature of 39.2 she is experiencing a fever. During damp cold weather she feels arthritic pain in her knees. Lastly due to these symptoms and her hospital stay she has peripheral muscle wasting and muscle weakness. A key concept within Roy’s model is the idea of health and illness coexisting in the human life. For Mrs. Crane she has experienced a massive drain of energy due to this illness and is unable to participate in her daily activities. This is a major priority as it impedes on her quality of life, and limits the r ate at which she feels better. According to Roy, illness is natural and we must learn to coexist with it. For Mrs. Crane, she has no energy because her body is using it on other needs such as combating infection, or keeping up oxygen levels. To free up energy, a goal she can make is to prioritize her energy spending, as well as making a greater effort to engage in daily activities. By doing this, she can improve her quality of life as well as her psyche, which will improve her healing process. Adaptive behaviors are those that promote the goals of survival and adapting to the environment. However, Mrs. Crane is coughing leading to a lack of sleep. This adaption is negative to her health, and an ineffective behavior. Roy explains in her model that ineffective behaviors need to be recognized and purposely stopped. In order to stop this cough, she needs to take the proper medicines and alternative therapy, which will lead to a better sleep. This in turn will promote the goals of surv ival and healing. When faced with the stress of her illness, Mrs. Crane experiences the regulator subsystem of coping which responds with biological means. The body has a natural response to stimuli such as hormones, in this case cortisol. However she has been a great amount of stress for an extended amount of time, leading to negative effects due to the cortisol release. High amounts of cortisol decreases immunity, and breaks down muscle bone and connective tissue. A goal for Mrs. Crane would be to lower her stress levels in order to better her health.

FedEx company in courier delivery industry.International Business Essay

FedEx company in courier delivery industry.International Business - Essay Example Business analysts often point out the reasons why certain firms have gone out to the international markets and have been successful while others have been a total failure in their pursuit of international growth. The initiative taken by a an international company or firm to tap into new markets requires consistency with the company’s overall strategy since unfocussed or sporadic exploitation of resources directed at achievement of international market growth can be counterproductive by soaking up limited resources with little or no returns. Any obstacles that might hinder entry into markets such as duties or regulatory laws need to be determined beforehand and adequately addressed. In the Chinese market, the authorities do not permit FedEx and other multinational firms to conduct domestic courier services (Berman 2012). It is therefore imperative that managers tasked with the duty of analysing strategies of entering new markets identify and clearly detail the company’s strengths and weaknesses to assist in maximizing and focusing on the international opportunities. Aspects of the company such as sales, supply chain, and marketing should be addressed, a clear and detailed direction should be formulated and management support resources dedicated to increase chances of success that may otherwise be impeded by lack of familiarity. Companies need to establish effective supply chain models and infrastructures that link efficiently with the commercial aspect of the business to formulate a strategy that enhances growth in new and existing markets. FedEx Market Entry Strategies in China FedEx is a multinational corporation established in America, but has a complex network of branches and subsidiaries around the globe and it deals with the business of courier. FedEx is  a global enterprise that conducts its various activities and operations throughout  the world in countries such as China among others. China is a major world economy dealing in electrome chanical goods such as cars and other electronic products like phones and computers. These products are in high demand in many countries and continents of the world and for these merchandise to reach their targeted destinations the producing company is obligated to contact a transporting agency specifically FedEx to conduct the translocation. FedEx as  a business enterprise has distinct rules and structures guiding its operations to ensure successful transaction in the global scene including the Chinese market.  Ã‚  These structures include the Global Entry Strategies which is a mechanism involved with efficient delivery of  parcels to a specific location and spreading them there mainly involving importing and exporting such products. Theories under this structure include sequential theory and  network theory (Liso and Leoncini 2010, p.189). This theory is closely related to the Uppsala model that states that organizations perfect their business in overseas markets; therefor e, FedEx has an obligation of first training their employees on various fields in order to perfect the handling and service provision. This theory has four major stages composing of maintenance of sporadic exports, use of representatives and agencies, overseas sales through knowledge agreements with domestic firms and FDI in the foreign market. The main features of  the Uppsala model in any organization and specific to FedEx include experience achieved from the domestic market before embarking on the

How The Animal Experimenting Contribute to OurUnderstanding of Human Essay

How The Animal Experimenting Contribute to OurUnderstanding of Human Brains - Essay Example Animal experiments (also known as vivisection) are defined in the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 as any scientific procedures performed on a living animal likely to cause them "pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm." At present, the Act defines an animal as any animal with a backbone; plus the octopus. The approximated number of animals used for experimenting is almost 180 million every year worldwide. Though not every country keeps an estimate; in the USA, for example, 80% of animals like birds, rats, and mice used for research purposes are not included in official figures at all (Dr. Hadwen Trust, 2009). There are two things for which scientists use animals; one is for medical research and the other type. Clinical research is also an important type of research which is basically conducted on humans but it always requires preliminary test result after the completion of animal research studies. Researchers use animals for extensive purposes which involve poisoning; disease infection; wound infliction; use of skin or eye irritants; food, water or sleep deprivation; subjection to mental stress; brain injury; paralysis; surgical disfigurement; induced organ malfunction; genetic modification and associated physical deformity; burning; and electric shocks.  

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 163

Summary - Essay Example Thus, the system will use algorithms provided by the National Renewable Energy Lab that use GPS to track the sun. The control system will locate the position of the sun and translate the data to signals that will move the motors to orient the device correctly. This will transfer the result using the components of USB and Ethernet to LabVIEW. Although the automated pyrheliometer project has hazards that can be experienced during the manufacturing and operation stages, stern measures will be taken to reduce the chances of their occurrence. First, the challenges experienced during the manufacturing stage will be addressed by providing training to the staff and ensuring that all operators wear protective clothing while at the manufacturing lab. Besides, the problem of insufficient heat dissipation will be resolved by using proper heat sinks for the motor drivers and having over temperature sensors to turn off the system. Lastly, warning red light emitting diode (LED) will be used to help in reducing any hazards associated with the system hitting someone during operation. When it comes to the budgeting, it should be made clear that the entire project will consume money. Since it is a tasking exercise, the project will have to be adequately funded. In order to have an effective financial plan, the entire project will have to be divided into parts: electrical components, framing and mounting and manufacturing. To ensure that all activities are done as planned, each of these will be allocated enough

Food Customs in Saudi Arabia and Differences in the U.S Essay

Food Customs in Saudi Arabia and Differences in the U.S - Essay Example In lunchtime, they usually take a plate of rice with side dishes of vegetables and salads (Advameg 1). The most common beverage is light roasted Arabic Coffee without sugar. However, the coffee is usually spiced (Advameg 1). On the other hand, there are prohibited food items. They include pork, wine, and alcoholic beverages. The other unique thing is food during ceremonies. The arrival of guest is taken seriously with slaughter of sheep, goat, or camel. In other social events, mainly there is sacrificial slaughter of sheep (Advameg 1). In these events, meat is boiled in huge pots. Soup is given to guest while the rest is poured in large trays of rice on top (Advameg 1). The male members and guest surround the tray in which they eat using hands instead of spoons or forks. Women and girls usually eat separately. However, there is a difference in United States. The country heavily relies on processed food and fast foods (Advameg 1). The diet is rich in salt, fat, and refined carbohydrates. Others have begun to adopt organic foods (Advameg 1). In most of the ceremonies such as weddings, funerals large tired cakes are usually served. In the morning, they usually take coffee. In most social occasions, beer is common. In other social occasions such as sports, beer, hot dogs, popcorn, and candy are common (Advameg 1). Moreover, food is usually taken using spoons and forks with all family members

Play (The Zoo Story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Play (The Zoo Story) - Essay Example It didn’t make a lot of sense to me. I had trouble understanding the way that Jerry talked. It seemed like he was crazy and abstract. I wanted him to get to the point. I sympathized a lot more with Peter. He seemed to be a character that was a lot more like me. I often find it annoying when strangers strike up conversations with me about nothing. In the course of these kinds of conversations, I often try to figure out what the other person wants. In this play, I kept wondering what Jerry wanted. Nothing he was saying had any kind of point. That for me was disorientating at first. After finishing the play, I began to understand that Jerry is really seeking fellow feeling and understanding. He is trying to create a narrative of his life that will help him find meaning. He is obviously not very good at this, and the surprise ending at the end of the play, where Jerry is impaled on the knife is the best example of this. In a way, Jerry is so out of tune with the world that he can’t live in it anymore. He seeks friendship and understanding—and so he has to die in this way. He can’t simply kill himself alone—he needs to have that human connection. I think that is why, in part, he makes sure that Peter picks up the knife. The idea of the zoo is important. It is clear that the author of the play thinks that people are too often trapped in their own cages by social norms and unable to escape and actually talk to one another in a normal way. I found this to be an interesting and thought-provoking play. It surprised and challenged me. I would like to read more works by Edward Albee and read other playwrights from this era in American history. Overall, I enjoyed this course. I found it invigorating and stimulating. In general, the professor was extremely approachable and it was clear that he had a real appreciation and interest in the subject matter. I now see things in a different light and I intend to go to the theatre for pleasure.

Are we in recession and what effect will it have on the middle class Research Proposal

Are we in recession and what effect will it have on the middle class - Research Proposal Example This shows how many factors can work together to create a holistic idea about the current state of the economy. Many look to the mortgage industry and its impact on financial sectors for a more specific answer. The mortgage industry is currently affecting the consumer and banks in complicated ways. There is a lot of media coverage about it and there is at times the atmosphere of panic, with economists over-valuing the impact of the current mortgage industry and also predicting things that are in no way true. However, a recession is denoted by six months’ continuous drop in GDP, whereas the GDP has actually grown in recent quarters. Therefore, the impact on the consumer may be over-valued, but in any case, the recession has left lasting effects. â€Å"Home prices are now deflating at a 32% annual rate versus 8% six months ago. And the deflation is sure to intensify as the 4.6 million new and existing homes still sitting on the market find a clearing price† (Up, 2010). Th e mortgage industry currently also affects other zones of enterprise other than the middle class consumer, such as financial intermediaries including commercial banks.

B2C Compared to B2B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

B2C Compared to B2B - Essay Example (2006c) By combining both the aspects, Internet and supply chain, we can define B2B as those "portals that allow businesses to deal directly with their suppliers and distributors online, thereby allowing electronic transfer of orders, invoices, payments etc. Wholesalers, distributors, and manufacturers fall in this category". (2006a) B2B websites serves as primary or direct link, which connect suppliers to suppliers or business-to-business while "B2C websites are intermediary portals that link customers to suppliers as its main concern is selling to the end user". (2006a) "From a 'solution-oriented' perspective, a B2C site is just the end point of B2B and B2C supply chain". (2006c) "Research suggests that that both the e-commerce and advertising expenditure numbers for B2B will grow faster than B2C in the coming years. Given the consensus about the importance of B2B e-commerce and advertising, it is surprising that B2C websites have received much more than their fair share of research attention in the Journal of Advertising Research as well as in other journals". (Chakraborty et al, 2003, p. 50) "Distributors have not lagged behind in fulfilling the need of bridging the gap between manufacturer and end consumer". (2006b) "This would be less of a concern if the advertising objectives and the sales processes were similar between B2B and B2C domains. But, many differences exist between these two domains." (Chakraborty et al, 2003, p. ... Security issues are centered on transmission and storage of transactional information by a website. As in the case of privacy, consumers experience a lack of control over the payment information provided to a website. Security issues are shared by the websites and consumers. This has led many websites to resolve the technical issues related to security. In spite of these measures, visitors may still perceive the website to be unsafe. Reduction in perceptions of security concerns affects web usage. (Chakraborty et al, 2003, p. 50) B2C websites includes on-line trading, biddings, auctions, stock trading markets etc. Ebay and Amozon.com are one of the most successful B2C integration these days. If we look at the causes of building e-business integrations, it would be noticed that "a primary reason for building such initiatives internally is that value chains are only as strong as their weakest link, devoting extensive time, resources, and capital to B2B projects seldom yield substantial return on investment if internal systems are not integrated. Simply connecting applications on a point-to-point basis is not enough. Without a thoroughly integrated internal infrastructure, B2B initiatives are sure to provide little value in the best-case scenario, or no value in the worst. To fully achieve the kind of business process visibility required to gain true insight into the enterprise and supply chain, companies must rise out of the fiefdoms of information and departmental approaches to conducting business. They need the ability to define enterprise business processes that can span across multiple systems and business partners that reside beyond the firewall. These processes are

Interpretative Reading in Thailand Essay Example for Free

Interpretative Reading in Thailand Essay Introduction Interpretative reading can be defined as the analysis of literary texts and subsequent enunciation of those texts. It is also sometimes called dramatic reading and relies on the reader’s voice to convey the emotion, drama and imagery of a narrative without actually acting it out. A good interpretative reader must possess a number of vocal skills such as the ability to control vocal tone, volume, pace and inflection to accurately communicate meaning and build drama. In addition to clear articulation and correct pronunciation, which are paramount to the audience’s understanding, the reader must have an in depth understanding of the text in order to produce a meaningful interpretation of it. In other words the narrator needs to be able to know the characters, imagine their backgrounds and feel their emotions to be believable. Good interpretive reading is a difficult skill even for native speakers to master and takes preparation and plenty of practice; however, for a student in the Thai education system faces a number of distinct disadvantages in becoming a proficient interpretative reader. To begin with the languages of Thai and English are very different. We have different stress patterns on words and there are sounds in English which don’t exist in Thai, both of which make clear pronunciation challenging for students and although many Thai schools now employ native speaking English teachers who are able to model correct pronunciation and natural rhythm, lots of Thai students lack confidence and have little opportunity to practice English outside of their classroom. In addition, English uses intonation to convey different meanings and emotions whereas Thai uses a fixed tone for each word so it is often hard for a Thai student to express emotions like sarcasm or disbelief through inflection even when they recognize the need to do so. Another barrier for many Thai students, aside from the enunciation, is actually understanding the text well enough to interpret it. This depends upon, not only the student’s knowledge of English language and ability to follow the plot but also on previous personal, educational and cultural experience that influence the way the narrative is interpreted. A student lacking exposure to western culture and a deeper understanding of the social norms, stereotypes and cultural issues surrounding a text might struggle with a credible portrayal of characters and personation. These factors coupled with a general lack of focus on key reading skills leave Thai students at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to dramatic reading abilities. So, how do we assess the state of Thai interpretive reading? Do we take into account the many disadvantages that Thai students face in learning to read expressively and if so what criteria is it fair to judge them on? After some research into the rubric schools overseas use to evaluate students’ interpretive reading skills we decided to base our assessment on the following criteria:- Pace. The speed at which a reader speaks, increasing speed creates drama and intensity. Pause. The lingering of the voice on, before or after a word for dramatic effect. Volume. Adds emphasis or fullness of tone. It can be used with other forms of emphasis to exaggerate emphasis. Melody. The wave-like change in voice pitch depends on the reader recognizing the relative importance of words in the text. Inflection. The bending of the voice from the main pitch up or down. Personation. The reader’s interpretation of the character. Pitch. The degree of highness or lowness to a tone adds more subtle emphasis. Confidence. How comfortable is the speaker with reading aloud the text. The readers pace, volume and use of pause are techniques that can be used to emphasize mood or add drama but in the case of a non native speaker an overly loud or quiet reading could be due to nervousness and a pause or change in pace could be due to not understanding a word or not knowing how to pronounce it. These things, in turn, can affect the other factors we will be evaluating. With this in mind we will be focusing on the deviations from normal patterns in each of these categories and trying to find any correlations. Conducting the research and investigation To better understand how well a Thai may use the techniques associated with interpretative reading we needed to hear some examples. We selected a number of Thai students to read a set part of a chapter from a book and recorded them to analyse their interpretative reading skills. The material chosen was chapter one from ‘The Monkey King’ a stage one young reader by Rosie Dickins. The chapter was broken into 5 separate parts for the students to read. The level one reader was chosen to accommodate all students and focus on their reading skills rather than their comprehension of the text. The students’ ages and levels of English ranged from, six to eighteen years old, and Beginner to Advanced. By having such a wide range of readers we will be able to see if there are any reoccurring problems across all levels and ages or if there are any surprising results. Before the students were recorded they were each given different parts of the chapter to familiarise themselves with what they were going to read. This is to again focus on their interpretation of the text and to let them question any pronunciation of any unfamiliar words. In addition to that when the text was handed to the students, it was explained to them that they have to read it as if they were telling a story to someone, and they do not want this person to fall asleep. Also, an example of interpretative reading of a text, other than their own, was then given to the students to make sure that they fully understood what they had to do. To do good interpretative reading, the text has to be fully understood, it is the key for good reading, so all the parts that they did not understand was read to them and explained again before they did the task. Some of the younger students did not really understand how to read the text like they were telling a story, so some parts of the text was read to them showing the change in voice pitch and intonation, as one would do for interpretive reading. They then caught on to what was needed. The most difficult part was that many of the younger ones were nervous and shy, which is normal for some children who have to read text which is not in their native language. They were mostly nervous because of being placed in front of a laptop computer, and about their pronunciation. It was made clear to them that pronunciation was not the point of the research and that it was not a big deal if they did make some mistakes, but that the most important thing was the way they interpret the text, and that it has to be understood. It was noticed that they did understand it since they all wrote some Thai notes on the text which seemed to be translations. Then, finally it was for them to forget their nerves and read the text. The students were then recorded reading their parts which were later analysed, considering the younger students reading level, they did quite well. Analysing the results Once we had the recordings of the brave students that took part in our research, the analysis could be carried out. We went through the recordings with a fine toothcomb, and complied the results into a chart. In this chart, as can be seen in fig. 1. 2, the students were rated on their performance. They were judged on numerous criteria which include melody, speed, volume, pauses, inflection, personation, pitch and confidence. These eight criteria were marked as poor, fair, good, very good or excellent. We took into account their age group and reading skill level when judging them. Once the chart was completed, the graphs were made to clearly show which of the students’ skills were strong and which skills were weak (fig. 2. 1 – 2. 8). On the whole they performed better than expected, although there were obvious inflections, changes of pitch in odd places that Thais often make mistakes with when interpretive reading. We had spoken about this before the experiment had even begun, so it was to be expected. The results of the experiment showed that most of the students had a very good grasp of the pace that the text should be read at (see fig. 2. 2). In addition, most of them read the text at a decent volume; and all of the students were audible (see fig. 2. 3). It was obvious which students have had a lot of practice reading because of their melody, and the way it flowed throughout their reading (see fig. 2. 1). These students are also the ones that were given good marks in inflection; pitch and confidence (see fig. 2. 5, 2. 7, and 2. 8). One of the areas in which most of the students did not do very well was the pauses, as it seemed as if they were in the wrong places and there did not seem to be enough of them (see fig. 2. 4). Finally, the worst area by far was the personation or interpretation of the characters in the story. Most of the students did not even change the pitch or melody of their voice when reading the direct speech and those that did change the pitch of their voice did not put on any kind of exciting voice (see fig. 2. 6). From the results, we have seen that generally the standard of interpretative reading is at a fair level, usually respective of the student’s level of English. However, there were certain issues and certain elements of their reading which are necessary to try and eliminate to help improve their interpretative reading. The highest level of reading was from a student who could be considered the student with the highest level of general English. This was mainly due to his immediate in-depth understanding of the text. He was able to employ pauses in appropriate places such as full stops, commas, but also using them for dramatic effect as in adjective lists or after adverbs. He also had a strong use of melody in how he read. The best skill he used which set his reading above the rest was his use of personation on the characters voices. Some other students were able to produce a similarly high standard of reading and once again these students can be identified as the ones with the best overall English language skills. Some of these good examples were from the M3 level. Despite them being at a high level of general English some of the elements they employed in their reading was something that could be said was found in all readings at this level but not as frequent. One of these is the students’ use of force on unstressed syllables. This was more common at the end of words which contained specific sounds. This was seen in words such as monKEY and heavenLY, adding extra force to the /i? / sound, and gardeNER, giving force to the /? /. There is also another issue that was common at the end of words. This was the dropping of sounds or in some case whole syllables. This was most evident in plural nouns and ed sounds at the end of verbs. For example, peachES, leavES, soldierS, pronounced as /? z/, /z/, and /s/ which were generally dropped from the words all together especially the /? z/ sound. Further to this the /? d/, /d/, and /t/ sounds in words such as, boastED, stormED, and snappED, were particularly a problem. As we looked down the levels of general English skills we saw problems more identified with that level rather than an overall picture of Thai speakers and these problems ultimately determined how well of a reader we believed them to be. One such problem was melody. English being a very musical language requires the reader to know the importance of stressed and unstressed words within the sentence. The result was mainly a flat sentence giving equal stress to prepositions and articles, to nouns and verbs. This disrupted the usual flow of the English language. The pause was another problem but was a more obvious one. There are certain positions within a reading where a pause must be used, such as full stops and commas and without these pauses the reading can sounds unnatural. This wasn’t throughout the text but only in some places is enough to give a breathless effect. The above mentioned issues were the most common throughout all the readers but there were some individual mistakes present as well. For example, the rising inflection or falling inflection mid-sentence, giving a different meaning to the sentence as a whole. We believe that vocabulary knowledge is of great importance in the way we set up the experiment. Although the material used for the reading is said to be a level one reader this does not mean that all the students are able to fully understand all the words in the text and their subsequent effect on the way the text should be read. From the six steps of analysis it is stated that a reader should be able to read the text line by line fully understanding the text, to understand the theme, and importantly take the text away and practice. With the limited time available with the students it was not possible to allow them to take the text home, study it, and perhaps translate the words to understand their meaning. Therefore, the students with the greatest range of vocabulary were the students with the better examples of interpretative reading. In regards to the common use of what we considered to be their wrongful employment of interpretative reading skills, we tried to identify a possible reason for each case. Firstly, the use of force at the end of words containing /i? / and /? / we believe to be a problem that is associated with the Thai language. Generally, these sounds at the end of words are stressed in the Thai language while unstressed in English, and so they are mixing up the two languages. In contrast to this is the students’ lack of plural and ed sounds at the end of words. Due to the fact that they are not pronounced at the end of words in the Thai language, the students’ would transfer this over to the English language and drop them from the English words. The students’ lack of melody could be also to do with being Thai language native speakers. The musical rhythm of the English language requires the use of melody by stressing words in certain ways within a sentence. The Thai language, however, does not have melody in a sentence as a whole and so the reading was flat as oppose to rising and falling, strong and weak. The lack of pauses in some instances has more to do with the individual reader and with practice could easily be eliminated. Conclusion In conclusion, Thai teachers need to provide more speaking time for the students so that they can learn the rhythm of the English language. This can be achieved by giving the students more access to a native speaker’s spoken word. Some suggestions for this would be to have the students do more role-play exercises in the classroom impersonating different characters from a book. Also trying to imitate character’s voices from a movie or from television programmes would be a great way to master their personation technique. A game could be made out of this where the students have to guess who another student is trying to imitate. Another way to help Thai students might be to get them to listen to other well known interpretive readers while they are reading along to the story themselves to get an understanding of how it is done well. Interpretive Reading for Thai Students By Drew Eaglesham Timothy Parker Sarah Pratley Victor Deville-Blumberg EN202 Interpretative Reading.

Calvinism Was Founded By John Calvin Religion Essay

Calvinism Was Founded By John Calvin Religion Essay Calvinism was founded by a man named John Calvin (Theopedia, par. 1). John Calvin was born on July 10, 1509 in France and died on May 27, 1564 at the age of 54 (Rieske, par. 1). John Calvin was brought up Roman Catholic by his mother, Jeanne Le Franc (Rieske, par. 1). John Calvins father, Gerard, was an attorney, raised by seafaring men (Rieske, par. 1). At the age of eighteen, Johns education process was complete (Rieske, par. 2). After John Calvins education and studies were complete, John became a humanist and a reformer, instead of following Roman Catholicism (Rieske, par. 2). To know about a religion or a denomination, one should study also about the founder and the background to his or her life, so that we can know where they came from and where the process of their doctrine beliefs came from. The five main points to Calvinism are: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election (Predestination), Limited Atonement, Irrisistable Grace, and also the Perseverance of the Saints (Humphreys, par. 13). The First of the five points of Calvinism is Total Depravity (Calvinism, par. 4). Every man deserves Hell and is worthless without the presence of God in their lives (Calvinism, par. 4). Adam and Eve and everyone after them were censured by a just God because of original sin (Calvinism, par. 4). The second point is Unconditional Election or Predestination (Humphreys, par. 13). God felt sorry for mankind and sent Jesus to save some sinners, but not all (Calvinism, par. 5). These are known as the Elect and their fate was decided by God before they were born (Calvinism, par. 5). This is not a matter of choice, for the person, but a decision of God (Calvinism, par. 5). Calvinist seem to determine among themselves who is likely to be elected by a persons behavior (Calvinism, par. 6). The points of Limited Atonement and Irrisistable Grace fall with this as well (Humphreys, par. 14-18). The point of Perseverance of the Saints means that once God saves someone, they will always be saved (Humphreys, par. 19). Calvinism teaches that believers dont need priests (Calvinism, par. 8). Calvinists observe both communion and baptism (Calvinism, par. 8). Our God does not need to check the time for anything because He knows when, where, and how everything will happen (Theopedia, par. 5). God keeps himself hidden from non-believers but reveals Himself to those who already know Him, or will know Him (Theopedia, par.5). In the later history of Calvinism, people have modified John Calvins teachings to serve their own purposes and the beliefs of the Reformed Tradition of Protestant Christianity, which Calvinism was the most prominent in (Theopedia, par. 5). When Calvinism first started it suddenly became very popular all around the world (Calvinism, par. 3). John Calvin and many more of his co-pastors were originally from France but left because of their religion, so they moved to Geneva which became a trading city of about 10,000 people (Grell, par. 8). The Old Testament is mainly where Calvin got his inspirations from (Grell, par. 10). Calvinism is not comprehensible without remembering the persecution of Christians (Grell, par. 10). Som e people thought that the idea of Predestination produced anxiety from asceticism and capitalism (German, par. 11). Calvinism was a large part of the Great Awakening Movement in American History, which influenced American culture and disinterested benevolence (German, par. 4). People could give to others without sacrifice (German, par. 4). Jonathan Edwards was the main teacher of this view (German, par. 4). It also included caring for the needs of the many instead of the individual (German, par. 6). Calvinists share many beliefs with Baptists, but they hold some beliefs that we do not share (Humphreys, par. 2). God determines all things in detail, including who will, and who will not be saved (Humphreys, par. 2). Most of the founders of the Southern Baptist Convention were Calvinists, but today most Southern Baptists are not (Humphreys, par. 7). Calvinists believe that mankind is completely corrupt (Theopedia, par. 6). Calvinists also teach that Christ died for a lot of people, but not for everyone (Theopedia, par. 8). Calvinists differed from Lutheranism in that Luther taught a salvation based on faith of the individual and disputed Calvins idea of Predestination (Calvinism, par. 9). However, they do share a belief that we can depend on Gods word (Calvinism, par. 9). In his song, Wholly Yours, David Crowder sings I am full of earth/You are heavens worth/I am stained with dirt/Prone to depravity (Van Biema, par. 1). Songs like this are becoming more and more popular as Calvinism makes a comeback (Burek, par. 6). This comeback challenges Prosperity Gospel that has been so popular in recent years by renewing a focus on God first (Burek, par. 6). More than ten percent of Southern Baptist pastors call themselves Calvinists (Burek, par. 7). Calvinist pastors like John Piper and Mark Dever are at the forefront of the movement, which is especially with young professional people (Burek, par. 8). They point to John Calvin as one of the minds that created our modern culture and the culture of America in general (Burek, par. 18). American ideals of democracy, our open market economy, and equal opportunity all came from John Calvin (Burek, par. 18). The New Calvinism is an effort to put focus back on God and off of ourself (Burek, par. 28). These young people have grown up in an immoral culture and want more than a God who will just be their buddy (Van Biema, par. 5). They want a God who is God (Van Biema, par. 5). They want a God who is bigger and better than they are (Burek, par. 36). These people would rebuke the idea that the Jesus wants to be our friend approach (Burek, par. 13). On the surface, one would think that Calvinism would not be accepted in todays culture (Burek, par. 20). Much of Christianity today concerns a Prosperity Gospel that is centered around the individual (Burek, par. 20). Consider a recent Barna Group survey to determine how many Americans believe that the Bible is completely true, and in salvation by works and not grace (Burek, par. 21). Only nine percent of people surveyed, believed in salvation by grace and among eighteen to twenty-three year olds, it was less than one percent (Burek, par. 22). Many Christians say that they pick and choose from their churchs teachings what they themselves want to believe (Burek, par. 23). This by necessity seems to reveal the need for people to believe that God is God and that He is over everything (Burek, par. 28). They need to know not that man can be improved, but that God is praised (Burek, par. 28). John Calvins teachings had wide exceptance over his lifetime and the centuries to come (Bouwsma, par. 3). People from every cultural background and economic status, were drawn to Calvinism (Bouwsma, par. 3). Calvinisms attraction then, as it is now, comes from how it seemingly explains social problems existing in culture and how it encourages its followers to do good works in Christs name (Bouwsma, par. 3). Calvinism is expertly illustrated in the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes (Fact-Index, par. 4). In fact, the character Calvin is named for John Calvin, and the character Hobbes is named after Thomas Hobbes, who was a seventeenth century philosopher who had what the strips creator called a dim view of human nature (Fact-Index, par. 4). Their witty banter satirizes Calvinisms world view in a fresh and appealing way (Fact-Index, par. 3). The strip, and the teachings of pastors such as John Piper, have wide appeal to people who are searching for meaning in todays world (Burek, par. 8). I t is important that one would show grace towards those that do not agree with ones doctrinal views, but that one would teach and share that the salvation God offers is for everyone, not just Calvins chosen elect.

To Have And Have Not :: essays research papers fc

Book Report: To Have and Have Not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Morgan is the central character of Hemmingway’s To Have and Have Not. Morgan plays the role of protagonist though he does not always act with â€Å"good† motives or goals. The book deals with the downfall of his life beginning with a murderous secret run from Cuba and ending in the bloody death of Morgan after suffering a gunshot to the stomach. 1. Appearance:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morgan is a rugged fisherman who spent his life doing various seafaring activities. The long days under the sun on deck has given him a dark skin tone. His appearance describes visually the tough violent world in which he thrives. His looks are almost a uniform for the criminal underground scene where he lives his life. The author uses his wife watching him leave their home as a vehicle to describe in detail his physical appearance. â€Å" She watched him go out if the house, tall, wide shouldered, flat-backed, his hips narrow, moving, still, she thought, like some kind of animal, easy and swift and not old yet, he moves so light and smooth-like, she thought, and when he got in the car she   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nelson2 saw him blonde, with the sunburned hair, his face with the broad Mongol cheek bones, and the narrow eyes, the nose broken at the bridge, the wide mouth and the round jaw, and getting in the car he grinned at her and she began to cry.† (Hemmingway 128) Also worthy of notice, halfway through the book Harry losses his arm in a gunfight with some Cuban patrols on a liquor run. 2. Words and Actions:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Morgan gives validity to the idiom, â€Å"Curse like a sailor.† He fights like one too. Morgan is the quintessential smuggler. All his actions seem violent and towards the ends of making money. His actions are done out of necessity or desperation. This is seen clearly in the way he handles a client of his, a client that knows too much. â€Å"He put his hand in his pocket and reached the money out toward me. I reached for it and grabbed his wrist with the money in his hand, and as he came forward on the stern I grabbed his throat with the other hand.† (Hemmingway 53) His actions are brutal and direct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even towards close associates he seems ruthless. He came very close to killing a friend of his that sneaked aboard his ship for a ride back to America.

A Worn Path :: essays research papers

A Worn Path   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Detail of an elderly Negro woman’s journey from deep in the country to town, the while on mission of love. Phoenix Jackson, an elderly Negro women who is frail, old and has many handicaps, she lived during trying times and because of her race, faced many challenges while growing up, Eudora Welty brings the story, â€Å"A Worn Path†, to life through the use of the character Phoenix Jackson and symbols.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While overcoming challenges her character is born. The story is based on an elderly Negro women’s journey into town for medicine for her grandson. Along the way she encounters physical challenges, obstacles and danger. She climbs hills, crosses streams, crawls under barbed-wire fences; she faces dangers while out in the wilderness and a hunter who threatens her life with a gun. This happens on a single trip to town. Phoenix is quite remarkable woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Phoenix’s ability to make the journey and overcome these challenges shows her strong determination, dedication, devotion and the will power to endure hardship to finish her task. These weekly journeys had become a virtual ritual. Vande Kieft states â€Å"Miss Eudora Welty often takes ritual action very seriously-especially the most simple and primitive rituals of home, or private rituals which comes from repeated performances of an action of love†, Old Phoenix’s down the worn Path. (70).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conflicts were put in the story to show us the inner feelings of Phoenix. She was able to endure hardships and yet stays focused on the task at hand. This tells us while she was growing up she over came many obstacles. Kreyling says, â€Å"usually Welty reserved for her black characters the functions of this vital, sure and faithful, ways of living of which modern man has either lost or denied. Phoenix Jackson represents the condition of the human race before â€Å"enfeebling† layers of civilization anesthetized it. Although primitive, Phoenix is centered in and directed toward the value of life, the path worn by habit of hope. She possesses that vitality without which, faith would not be possible†. (24). 3 Using nothing more than details of an old Negro woman’s journey to city to get medicine for her grandson, but gives us a sense of human fortitude that is almost unbearable in its’ sad intensity. (Turner, Harding 262). Using symbols brings color and fullness to the character in the story. This sets the time, place and shows hardships that developed her character.

Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

The United States is by far the richest and most powerful country in the world. We citizens take for granted luxuries that people of other countries can only dream. Yet in our society there are serious social issues that for reasons unknown are not being addressed. One of the most important issues that typical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. Although we hear terms like "The War on Drugs" and "Drug Treatment", a fresh approach to this issue is needs to come soon. The country should take a new look at drug legalization as a solution to a problem that has been long out of control. Addiction and drug abuse are such â€Å"buzzwords† these days that a clarification is needed of what is meant by these terms. Addiction has crossed the line from being defined as a physical dependency on drugs to include such classifications as religious addiction, shopping addiction, food addiction, work addiction, television addiction, and love addiction. Although a person may feel that he or she can’t live without their particular "addiction", there is no scientific proof or medical test for an addict. To keep things in the broadest perspective, addiction will be defined here as the continual repetition of a normally non-problematic behavior to self-destructive access. Since addiction is believed to be a social problem then an attempt at cutting off the source of addiction, drugs in this case, is thought to cure the problem. If tha t be the case then gambling and food abusers should be treated the same as addicts. Since drug legalization is the topic of this essay let us focus on alternatives to the "War on Drugs". One possibility for controlling drug abuse is to legalize illegal drugs. In the 1920’s alcohol was made illegal by the eighteenth amendment, better known as prohibition. From it stemmed all sort of crime, illegal alcohol sales, gang controlled territories, police shootings and above all, most people continued to drink. In contrast to today’s society where drugs are illegal there is not much difference. We have the same type of violent crime and gang control as in the twenties, and people continue to use drugs. Countries where alcohol is considered a normal part of life, such as Greece and Italy, have low occurren... ...ontrols and regulation in the hands of the government to protect the vulnerable from dangerous drug dealers. The argument that drug users are criminals does not hold up since these law-abiding citizens don’t break other laws. One more area that legalization will affect is that of race. Black people are ten times more likely to be imprisoned for drug offences than whites. Some police officers discriminate and use racial stereotyping in whom they arrest. It would force blacks into other enterprises to make legal money and change society as a whole. Opponents say lock up drug dealers, but we are running out of room in our prisons. Its time to take away drug dealers source of income and force government to address the underlying poverty in our country among minorities and the uneducated. Legalization is not a cure all but it does allow us to address many of the problems associated with drug use, and those created by drug prohibition. The time has come for an effective and realistic drug policy. Its time to take a look at legalization, end the war on drugs, and approach it from a point of what is best for society as a whole.

Convergence of US GAAP and IFRS Essay

The Norwalk Agreement refers to a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) which was signed in September of 2002 in Norwalk, Connecticut between the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standard Boards (IASB) The MOU was an agreement between the two organization to, â€Å"use their best efforts to (a) make their existing financial reporting standards fully compatible as soon as is practicable and (b) to coordinate their future work programs to ensure that once achieved, compatibility is maintained.† The original agreement called for all differences between US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IFRS (International Financial Reporting System to be eliminated by January 1, 2005, but problems quickly surfaced in this approach and according the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) currently has a timeline of 2016 for all US corporations to adopt the IFRS. Before discussing what the effect of these changes are on US Corporations, one must first understand the history of both the FASB/US GAAP and the IASB/IFRS. The Financial Accounting Standards Board was established by the SEC in 1973 to take over the role of establishing standards for financial accounting from the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)’s Accounting Principles Board (APB). The US GAAP are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. The US Government does not directly set accounting standards, instead believing that the private sector has a better ability to set these rules. The US GAAP is not formally written into law, but is instead codified into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The FASB has four major types of publications it uses to make changes to the US GAAP: 1. Statements of Financial Accounting Standards: the most authoritative US GAAP setting publications. 2. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts: Part of the FASB’s conceptual framework project, these are fundamental objective and concepts that the FASB will use in developing future standards. They are not a part of the US GAAP, but instead represent future goals of the GAAP. 3. Interpretations: Interpretations modify or extend existing standards and are a part of the US GAAP. There are currently 48 interpretations available 4. Technical Bulletins: These are guidelines on applying standards, interpretations, and opinions. They usually solve a very specific accounting issue that does not have a significant, long-lasting effect. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent, privately funded organization founded in London, England on April 1, 2001 with the stated objective to: â€Å"develop a single set of high quality, understandable, enforceable, and globally accepted financial reporting standards based upon clearly articulated principles.† To achieve these objectives the IASB has developed the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and aggressively promoting the use of these standards. As of today over 120 countries either require or permit the use of IFRSs and all members of the G20 have established time lines to adopt the IFRSs in the near future (including the United States.) The IFRSs consist of the standards, interpretations, and frameworks issued by the IASB, and include many of the standards formerly known as International Accounting Standards (IAS) which were issued by the now defunct International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) which existed from 1973 until 2001. The IFRSs are principle based standards (as opposed to the US GAAP which uses rules-based standards) that establish broad rules but generally leave specific treatments open to some interpretation. IFRSs consist of: 1. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – All standards issued after the IASB was founded in 2001. 2. International Accounting Standards (IAS) – Standard issues by the IASC prior to 2001. 3. Interpretations from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) – Interpretations issued after 2001. 4. Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC) – Interpretations issued before 2001. 5. Framework for the Preparations and Presentations of Financial Statements – A statement of the basic principles of the IFRSs. The framework serves as a guide to resolving accounting issues not specifically addressed in a standard. Having established the backgrounds of the major players to the Norwalk Agreement it is important to understand how this convergence project will affect US Corporations in their future financial reporting as the FASB / SEC begins their push towards full integration by the year 2016. As converged standards are introduced, many US Corporations will see major changes in all areas of their business activities ranging from financial statements to leasing to employee benefits and although covering all these changes is beyond the scope of this paper, we will present some of the more important changes. The largest major difference between the two regulations is in their scope, and level of â€Å"guidance† for companies in the area of revenue recognition. The US GAAP has developed detailed guidance for many different industries incorporating standards suggested by a multitude of accounting standards organizations in those specific industries. The IFRS, on the other hand, mentions two standards for revenue recognition for guidance and allows companies to determine which method they will use. Another major change for US Companies is in the area of inventory costing. Under US GAAP, companies may choose between using LIFO (Last-In-First-Out), FIFO (First-In-First-Out), or a variety of other inventory valuation methods, in accounting for cost of goods held in inventory. Once the switch is made to IFRS, the use of LIFO for inventory valuation will be prohibited so that all companies will be similar cost formulas. Several additional changes include: 1. The option to classify expenses based on either function or nature under IFRS vs. the requirement to classify expenses based on function only under US GAAP. 2. The requirement to present noncontrolling (â€Å"minority†) interest as a component of equity on the balance sheet under IFRS vs. the requirement under US GAAP to present noncontrolling interest outside of equity. 3. The ability to use either the proportionate consolidation method or the equity method of accounting for joint venture accounting under IFRS vs. the current requirement to use the equity method of accounting 4. IFRS will allow revaluation of assets for several different classes of assets, even requiring their revaluation on a regular basis whereas currently US GAAP does not permit revaluation under any circumstance. 5. Under IFRS, advertising and promotional cost will have to be expensed as incurred vs. the US GAAP which allows for costs to either be expensed as they are incurred, or expense when the advertising takes place for the first time, leaving the choice up to the individual company. While these changes are just a few of the changes which will impact company’s’ financial statements there are many changes coming which fall in areas outside financial statements. Nowhere is this clearer than in the area of US regulatory laws. As an article in the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Closing the Information GAAP,† notes that, â€Å"If an accounting and reporting framework that relies on professional judgment rather than detailed rules is to flourish in the U.S., the legal and regulatory environment will need to evolve in ways that remain to be seen.† They suggest that laws in the US will have to move to accept more ambiguity in accounting, and that the change to IFRS could possibly provide new defenses to executives and accountants who try to do the right thing. A final change noted by both the PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Accenture case studies, is the updating, sometimes at a very high cost, of companies Accounting Information Systems to be able to collect, store, and analysis financial data in ways that will comply with the new IFRS standards. These two studies both believe that this activity will be the most painful and difficult for the majority of US companies to comply with. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. FASB. â€Å"FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board.† Norwalk Agreement. Accessed June 29, 2010. . [ 2 ]. SEC. â€Å"SEC Proposes Roadmap Toward Global Accounting Standards to Help Investors Compare Financial Information More Easily.† Accessed June 29, 2010. < http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-184.htm> [ 3 ]. FASB. â€Å"FASB: Facts about FASB.† Accessed July 03, 2010. [ 4 ]. IFRS Foundation. â€Å"Who we are and what we do.† Published July 2010 [ 5 ]. IASB. â€Å"About the IFRS Foundation and the IASB.† Accessed July 02 2010. [ 6 ]. IAS Plus. â€Å"Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards.† Accessed July 03 2010. [ 7 ]. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. â€Å"IFRS and US GAAP similarities and differences.† September 2009. From the â€Å"IFRS Readiness Series.† [ 8 ]. Accenture. â€Å"Preparing for International Financial Reporting Standards: An Opportunity for Finance Transformation.† [ 9 ]. Ernst & Young. â€Å"US GAAP vs. IFRS: The Basics.† January 2009. [ 10 ]. The Wall Street Journal. â€Å"Closing the Information GAAP.† Accessed July 20 2010.

Fuel Price

striking Impact of Rising furnish hurt Fuel is a nonher transportation administration compvirtuosont. Rising of dismiss price is one of the major issues facing the transportation effort in Malaysia. Fuel may be gasoline, natural gas, diesel elicit, ethanol, methanol, coal, etc. The be and efficiency of transportation sacks ar substantial interest. (Joseph Sussman Introduction to Transportation system of ruless Transportation System Components 2000).Fuel price volatility along with overall price sum ups has been an issue with transportation carriers, airlines, and all the same slightly water carriers and is a chronic challenge to the financial viability, causing some carriers to file for bankruptcy. Overall, it dejection be argued that is a manifestation of world demand and the bestow of crude cover. The demand for crude as a source of energy to force-out transport equipment and for private use has been exploitation steady, merely crude oil is trammel natural resource.New oil fields make water been discovered since World War II, plainly the known available interpret of oil has not kept pace with the increase demand. Consequently, the general geld for fuel prices has been upward. This trend in price has been exacerbated by the arrangement of the best oil fields in distant countries and the disproportionate sh ar of oil consumption. Two factors mentioned assimilate impacted the price of oil namely the growth in demand from other countries and the speculation that occurs in the futures market.An additional factor is the disruption that can occur with terrorist actions and political upheaval in certain parts of the world. Rising fuel prices could put a spanner in the works of the regions recovering economies, Malaysia included, if the market does not cool down soon. The higher cost incurred by transportation companies are already causing jitters that they might have to offload some of the burden onto end-consumers soon.Malaysia Airline s, for example, has been lobbying for months for a domestic air fare increase to offset higher direct useable costs, of which jet fuel and kerosene are the largest components. -(Pui Kiew Ling, Jamal Othman, Noorasiah Sulaiman Macroeconomics and Industry Effect of an Increase in Fuel Price in Malaysia 2012) already there are fears in the US that the runaway oil prices would bring the economys decade-long involution to a screeching halt, with all its implications on the rest of the world, particularly export-driven economies ike Malaysia which depend intemperately on the US, European and Japanese markets. -(Transport, slew and Climate Change Carbon Footprints, Fuel Subsidies and Market-based Measure 2011) The challenge, then, in transportation assiduity especially for carriers and shippers for example allow for be deal with the uncertainty and volatility of fuel prices and the expectation that the price will be increasing over time. However, the impact will vary among the modes o f transportation because some are more fuel efficient than others delinquent to their different operating and market check into in or outside our country.In overall, flavour to the future and considering the challenges associated with volatility in fuel prices and the environment on the other side, a great deal effort will be enjoin at the concept of the green supply chain. There is every indication that is not just a concept but rather a growing commission that has economic as well as environmental benefits to shippers and carriers and also for all display case of transport in Malaysia transportation intentness generally.

Knowledge, Attitude and Breast Cancer Screening Practices in Ghana Essay

INTRODUCTION titmouse genus malignant neoplastic disorder in its simplest definition is the screwingcer of pap bastardlyder. It is the most customary zero(pre noinal)skin crab louse that affects women in the united States and the exaltedest urgency rates of bumcer destructions among women in low-resource countries (Anderson et al 2006). Severity of dope crabmeat differs base on its school of tissue invasion. Ductal carcinoma in situ is the most common come on noninvasive pectus malignant neoplastic disease enchantment infiltrating or invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common dope malignant neoplastic disease that accounts for ab show up 80% of invasive teat crab louse. teat lumps presentation is the commonest form of presentation regard little of the pinhead ejectcer type (ACS 2005).Epidemiologic itemors ar attri thated to dietetical and environmental peril factors, although association of diet and front brookcer had varied results. Environmenta l danger factors implicate the word-painting to several toxic elements which accounts for the growthd relative incidence of detractor crabby person in Western countries. alcohol intake is a ilk considered to effect in the increase of the add up of consequences in the US population. Age is equalwise considered as washbasincer risk factor and can be attri aloneed to hormonal change. Genetic variation and ethnicity be not extinct of scope for the investigation of converge genus crab louse risk factors (Barton 2005).Diagnosis and Pathology of nipple pubic louse In 2002, meet health Global cosmea-class (BHGI) together with panel of depreciator crab louse experts and enduring advocates develop a consensus of recommendations for the diagnosing of teat crabby person in contain-resource countries (Shyyan 2006). Hi verificationathologic diagnosis include fine-needle aspiration biopsy which was recognize as the least expensive, core needle biopsy and functi onal biopsy and had a consensus of choosing the method based on the accessibility of tools and expertise. They gave emphasis on the cor coitus of histopathology, clinical and imagination findings. They agreed on the need of histopathologic diagnosis in the beginning chest genus malignant neoplastic disease interference. In 2005, BHGI panel recommended an redundant strategy of knocker crabmeat way.They stratify symptomatic effect and histopathology methods into grassroots, express, enhance, and maximalfrom lowest to highest resources. Basic level includes medical checkup history of the longanimous, clinical booby interrogation, tissue diagnosis and medical record keeping. Limited level includes the increasing resources that enable diagnostic visualise eng mount upment such as ultrasound with or without mammography, tests that can evaluate metastasis, use of image-guided sampling and hormone sense organ sampling. Enhanced level includes diagnostic mammography, bone scan and an onsite cytologist. Maximal level includes mass concealment mammography (Shyyan 2006). interposition of pinhead malignant neoplastic disease Treatment includes functioning, radiation syndrome or chem separateapy or combinations of these three sermon modalities. gibe to American malignant neoplastic disease night club (2005), give-and-take can be local or systemic. Local sermon of the tumour is make without affecting the rest of the body. Surgery and radiation sickness argon examples of this word. On the former(a) hand, systemic intercession which includes chem some otherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy, is disposed into the bloodstream or by mouth to reach the crabmeat cells that whitethorn admit open up the beyond the disparager. radiation syndrome is a discussion of mammilla crabmeat with high-energy rays to swear out thin the pubic louse cells. It can be given away of the body (external radiation) or can be fixed directly into the tumo r as receiving setactive materials (ACS 2005). It whitethorn be given external to the body. Radiotherapy requires respectable and effective application requiring appropriate facilities, staff and equipment. Radiotherapy should be applied without jut, should be accessible to every(prenominal) inactive without prolongation of the over whole treatment snip exposure. It is part of an integral part of titmouse-conserving treatment. It is required in almost all women with the titmouse pubic louse, and in that locationfore should be available (Bese 2006).Chemotherapy is the use of antimalignant neoplastic disease drugs that argon administered with injection in the vein or interpreted orally as a pill. It may be given before pap pubic louse surgery to edit out the size of the tumor or may be given by and by the surgery to reduce the chance of recurrence (ACS 2005).This treatment is done in cycle the most common of which is 3-6 months. Most common side effects of these drug s usually stop erstwhile the treatment is over such as in hair falling. Some of drugs used as chemotherapy be tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil doxorubicin, epirubicin, taxane and aromatase . These argon usually prescribed in combination, and treatment is done with adjuvant therapy such as radiation sickness and pre- and post operation ( Eniu 2006). Surgical management in dope genus crabby person is very common. This is done to hit as much as the genus pubic louse as possible and to find out whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Surgery can besides retrieve the appearance of the pectus and relieve the symptoms of advanced cancer. ACS (2005) released around of the common surgical procedures in dope cancer. These atomic number 18 lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, simple or total mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy and radical mastectomy.RESULTS bosom cancer patients in gold coast. The present ruminate whi ch included women with mean age population of 48 old age revealed an almost consistent perception with regards to booby cancer. They were conscious that white meat cancer is highly increasing in their place moreover not informed of the piddle of disease. All of the responders were not apprised of family rapper cancer history keep out one. tuition just intimately embrace cancer was acquired finished television and radio receiver schedules. hardly after consultation with doctors due(p) to lumps or striving in their detractor and some due to pellucid coming out of their embrace, that they were informed that they construct thorax cancer. Most of them underwent dresser tissue exam for confirmation of the disease.Afterwards, they were advised to undergo surgery with medical treatment. The responders were unknowing of the depreciator cancer masking and stripe. In fact, out of 10 responders, plainly 2 (20%) of them were awargon of pinhead self mental test an d clinical tit trial and admitted that they occasionally utilisation BSE. None of the responders knew about mammogram except for one (10%) of them who has hear of it but never had tried and true one. The feeling towards the fellowship of acquiring the disease was also the homogeneous the feeling of being a nucleus in the family was common.They were shocked to face the reality but shake realized that they have to fight the disease through the make headwayment and support of family members and overhaul of medical professionals. The sample population was alert of the herbalist and religious belief healers but they did not submit themselves into that kind of treatment be start herbalist have not proven heal for teat cancer. The most common counselling of the responders was the high appeal of therapies, hospitalization and doctor fees.The treatment hail ranged to 250,000-24 million except to one of them who have a free treatment for being enrolled to a clinical tria l. Sentiments of the participants were the same. Delay of treatment was attributed to their distant place from the wellness clinics some facilities like x-ray were not available in the clinics and high follow of treatment. These muckle asked for the betterment of chest cancer management through education dissemination to the community by wellness cargon falseerrs and a help from the brass to provide financial support to those who cannot afford to submit themselves for treatment.Patients in pap cancer clinic. In this part of the submit, women with mean age of 42 eld who were in detractor cancer clinic were included. Most common medical complaint was lump and pain in the converge while others submit themselves for top because they have just heard it from the radio/TV. The force field revealed that women who were counting the clinic were not truly informed of the cause heart cancer but aw be of its increasing rate of deathrate. Mis impressionion about the cause of d epreciator cancer such as exposure to coins was not common but did not turn off the form of trauma due to manipulation of the pap. Others match bosom cancer with smoking and taking lush beverages.They were not sensitive of their family history of detractor cancer. Information regarding tit cancer was acquired through television and radio platforms and others were through their friends and family members. Most of the respondents believed that too soon detection and industrious treatment of the disease can pr tear downt the discriminatory outcome of face cancer such as removal of their look or the worst would be cancer death.Only one out of 10 participants (10%) actually practice mammilla self interrogatory (BSE). Most of them were informed of BSE but not actually practicing it. They were also aware of healers and herbalist but they did not believe that they can cure pap cancer but did not disagree of the hap that herbalist and healers could treat other diseases or i llnesses like hypertension.The participants put forwarded that it would be better if the government would provide or establish more health conduct clinics for breast cancer top and provide free screening programs in particular to those who cannot afford to pay for high address of treatment of the disease and for an open-easy access to all especially to those in rude areas. One of the participants suggested that doctors should deliberate make headway about the treatment of breast cancer selecti further of renovateing to breast surgery.Healers involved in breast cancer management. Many of the population of Ghana are still patronizing healers and herbalist as a resort of treatment. Two healers from Ghana were interviewed regarding their management of breast cancer. The healers have been into this practice for about 20-50 years. accord to them, breast cancer is very common in Ghana and they are aware of the increasing incidence of the disease. They described breast cancer as an obosam disease and the other was a supernatural disease. Healers believed that their ability to cure the disease familial from their forefathers who taught them how to prepare herbs and provide them with dwarfs.They believed that doctors have no decline treatment towards breast cancer because according to them they just remove the breasts of women and subsequently die. match to the healers they do not promote breast inquirys to their patients because these are useless and cannot stop women from getting the disease. Despite the adult machines available in the hospitals, women with breast cancer still die, according to them.Healers charge their patients with as much as 200,000-1(15-60) million depending on the patients condition. The healers admitted that there were cases of recurrence of the disease due to lost to follow up and missed spiritual sessions. Healers do not summon patients to hospitals rather, they encourage hospital doctors to refer their patients to healers bec ause they are more capable of treating breast cancer. look cancer consultants. medical exam health professionals stand for a substantive role in the cognizance of breast cancer. They have the power to function their patients toward right management of the disease. In the present study, surgeon/breast cancer consultants were interviewed. Consultants as expected were aware of the increasing incidence of breast cancer but they cannot give an captious figure due to absence of cancer cash register in the place however they were able to attend to 200-300 new cases of breast cancer annually with age range starting from 20 years and supra. They revealed that women in Ghana associate breast cancer to death because after undergoing breast caner surgery they usually die. pile in Ghana link medical interposition and death which made the women in this place afraid of the disease and organize them to negative attitude towards the disease. Consultants believed that there were several misc onceptions about the disease. They were also aware that healers and herbalist check into the presentation of patients to hospital which accounted for the late interpret of diagnosis. content Screening Program would benefit the throng in Ghana for first detection of breast cancer and prompt treatment, however, they did not deny the fact it would be difficult to establish such program due to lack of funds by the government at present time. Consultants were aware of the limited resources of the compulsory for the implementation of the program.They believe that it is much easier and feasible to set up the women on simple screening methods such as regular breast self testing and encourage practitioners to take advantage of examining the breasts of their patients. in that respect are also NGOs who are eng immemorial in some activities like providing health compassionate assistance. Consultants revealed that they receive referrals from district regions and from hidden practition ers. All patients with breast cancer are candidates for surgery. thither are just some procedures that lead to adverse incident which cause the people to blame the doctors. jibe to consultants, one big problem that they encounter is the handle of the result of tissue exam from the pathologists which sometimes lead them to acquire the high cost of orphic laboratory. According to consultants the 5-year survival rate in Ghan is 25% which is disappointing.According to radiology consultant, patients present themselves to treatment once they are already in advanced stage, most at stage 3 and 4. They revealed the common factors that influence the delay of treatment among Ghana women. Most of the patients were s armorial bearingd of the procedure of breast cancer treatment like in breast surgery which have many fond and marriage implications.The high cost of the procedure hinders the patient to go to the doctors. Consultants revealed that surgical procedure may cost 2-3million ( 150-20 0), radiotherapy is about 3-4 million ( 200-300) and chemotherapy is around 6 million (400). Although surgical treatment cost is cover in National Health Insurance, the cost of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are excluded. Mammography which is an effective tool in breast cancer screening costs 400,000 (30) in privy health institution and around 250,000 (20).DISCUSSION WITH review OF RELATED LITERATURES The present study aimed to increase the knowingness of the women in Ghana to breast cancer and the benefits that can be gained from breast cancer screening. The knowledge, attitude, behavior and practices of the women regarding early detection of breast cancer were analyzed. The ultimate aim of the study was to reduce the death rate rate of breast cancer. The study revealed that there were still misconceptions about breast cancer despite the culture gathered from televisions and radio programs. Attendance of Ghanaian women in breast clinic did not mean that they were informed of th e nature of their disease. Only fewer of them were also aware of pr razetive procedure in detecting breast cancer. Local healers and spiritualists also slow the presentation of the patients to the hospital which ease upd to the late diagnosis of the disease. residuum in the disease management of health professionals can be attributed to the location of practice and availability of resources. some(prenominal) factors thought to affect the breast cancer screening program were the poor education of the Ghanaian towards prevention awareness against breast cancer lack of orifice of the people to spread the knowledge of breast cancer screening such as simple breast self run and clinical breast examination the inaccessibility of the of primary health care and the organizers the inaccessibility of the appropriate screening tools like x-ray and mammography in the community and its high cost and the lack of support from the government.The following review of related literatures will hel p in the pull ining of breast cancer and breast cancer screening.Because of the continuous increasing prevalence of breast cancer and high cost of treatment, breast cancer screening remains the most cost effective way of cancer management (Parkin and Fernandez 2006).Most of the world faces resource constraints that hinder the capacity to improve early detection, prompt diagnosis and sufficient treatment of the breast cancer. Every country finds its way to develop show based, economically feasible and culturally appropriate guidelines that can be utilized by countries of limited health care resources to improve breast cancer outcomes (Anderson 2006). reconciling strategies should be applied to ease the growing consignment of breast cancer. In 2005, according to Smith and his colleagues (2006), the white meat Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its second prime in Bethesda, MD with the target of reaffirming the principle of requiring all women of all resource levels to support in pursuance health care and assuring the access to low-priced and appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment intervention against breast cancer. They recommended breast health awareness to all women including the basic resources. They enhanced the basic facilities for effective training of relevant staff in clinical breast examination (CBE) or breast self examination and even the feasibility of mammography.magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the breast cancer screening procedures. It has been increasingly used as tool for early diagnosis of breast cancer. This screening tool has shown to detect cancers even they are small and voltagely proven to be more curable than mammography alone.However, MRI is more high-priced than mammography and can lead to unnecessary breast biopsies, and so causing anxiety and discomfort to patient. On the other hand, a research study about the cost- enduringness of breast MRI screening by cancer risk where they included t he cancer detection ability of MRI, characteristics of women with stocky breast tissue and women with high inherited breast cancer risk, revealed mortality simplification and cost long suit of breast MRI screening added to mammography in BRCA1 and BRCA2 transition carriers (Kurian 2006). The hallmark of morality and morbidity of breast cancer can be attributed to the late presentation of the patients at an advanced stage of breast cancer. It is when there is no or little benefit that can be derived from any treatment modality. In a study conducted by Okobia and colleagues (2006), the knowledge, attitude and practice of community dwellers of Nigeria towards breast cancer were analyzed.They recruited urban-dwelling women with conducted an interviewer-administered questionnaires to elicit sociodemographic instruction regarding knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer. It was found out that the participants had poor knowledge of breast cancer. Only 214 out of 1000 par ticipants knew that breast cancer is presented initially with breast lumps. heart cancer examination practices were low. Only 432 participants were able carry out breast self examination while single 91 participants had clinical breast examination. This study revealed that participants with higher(prenominal) level of education were significantly more inner about breast cancer.Ethnicity or race-related culture and beliefs are factors that affect the increase in prevalence of breast cancer mortality. Paterniti (2006) investigated how ethnically diverse women who are entitled for tamoxifen prophylaxis because of their breast cancer risk settle down about tamoxifen use for risk reduction. introductory to the study, there was discussion of the benefits and risks of tamoxifen as prophylaxis.The study which included African-American, White, and Latina women, of 6178 years, revealed that cultism of breast cancer was not prominent and they were not disposed(p) to take tamoxifen as h ealthful therapy after receiving the selective information. Participants showed limited unwillingness to take the medication with potential adverse effects. This study revealed that women felt that they had other options other than taking the risk of tamoxifen to reduce their risk of breast cancer, including early detection, diet, faith and other alternative therapies. Graham (2002) conducted a research about the race between beliefs and practice of breast self examination (BSE in a black women population of 20-49 years of age. It was found out that health beliefs were much stronger in determining BSE performance for a given individual than were demographic characteristics. mammilla self examination was related to increased perceived seriousness of breast cancer, benefit of the procedure and health motivation and was say to have inverse relationship with perceived barriers.A related study was account by Mitchell and colleagues (2002), about the effects of religious beliefs with other variables on breast cancer screening and the intended presentation of self-discovered breast lump. This study included women aging 40 years and above and were interviewed in their homes. Most of the interviewees believed that doctors cure breast cancer with Gods intervention which was tagged as religious intervention with treatment. This proportionality was found out to be correlated with self-reported mammography but no clinical breast examination or intention to delay presentation of self-discovered breast lump. minority of them believed treatment of breast cancer was unnecessary because only God could cure the disease which was labeled as religious intervention in place of treatment, and was significantly more common among African-American women who are less educated and old. This was correlated with the strong intention of delaying the presentation of self-discovered breast lump. It was concluded that religious intervention in place of treatment contributes significant ly the delay presentation of breast cancer among African-American that contribute largely to the advanced-stage cancer diagnosis.The cause of breast cancer is still unclear. Adjei (2006) who grew up in Ghan and had some draw about breast cancer. In his letter, he revealed his sentiments about the inherited disagreements in breast cancer. He had been aware of the incidence of breast cancer in Ghana since 1974 to 1999.He noted that the peak incidence of breast cancer in Ghana is in jr. women with age range of 40-45 years while in United States and Caucasians, the peak incidence is in older age groups. Adjei (2006) pointed out that women of diametric places and environments, with different diets have similar epidemiology of breast cancer. In an argument which revealed number of breast cancer in African-Americans but noble-minded in native African has been used to suggest that ethnicity is one factor of acquiring the disease, however, according to Adjei (2006), this information is leading because cancer has not been well-studied in Africa.Researchers are still finding their ways to fully let on the correlation of genetic touching in breast tumors that are presently noted to be a powerful predictor of cancer spread and cancer death. In a limited study conducted by Kolata (2002), she included few patients who are relatively. As she express in her report, scientists said that the activity of a disposition of 70 genes appear to predict cancer mortality better than traditional measures like tumor size, cancer stage or lymph node spread to the armpit of women. She revealed in her study that 5.5% of women with good genetic signature died within the next decade while 45% of women are those of with bad genetic signatures.Adherence to the treatment regimen of breast cancer plays a big role in the improvement of disease outcome. at that place are no much literature about the factors associated to the behavior that influence the patient to delay or cause an incomple te adherence to the recommended follow up in patients with breast cancer. In a study conducted by Kaplan (2006), race/ethnicity, country of birth, financial issues fear of pain and difficulty of communicating with the healthcare providers are the barriers to seek follow up consultation tit crabby person Screening There was decline in breast cancer mortality rate of 0.9% in African American women while 2.1% was the decline in breast cancer mortality rate in non-Hispanic White women (Stewart et al 2004 as tell by Settersten , Dopp, and Tjoe, (2005). On the contrary, De Koning (2000), questioned in his study the cost effectiveness of breast cancer screening. His idea came out when he analyzed his expectations of the reduction of breast cancer mortality after breast cancer screening. He verbalise in his study that the Dutch program of 2-yearly screening for women aged 50-70 would produce a 16% reduction in the total population.As stated in his research paper, the actual benefit that can be achieved from breast cancer screening programs is overstated. According to him breast cancer screening need to be carefully balanced against the burden to women and health care system. De Koning (2000) stated that effects of breast cancer screening program depend on many factors such as epidemiology of the disease, the health care system, costs of health care, spirit of the screening program and the attendance rate.Groot, M. T. et al (2006) estimated the costs and health effects of breast cancer interventions in epidemiologically different regions of Africa, North America and Asia. They certain a mathematical simulation model of breast cancer using the different stages of cancer, its distribution and case fatality rates in the absence and front end of treatment as predictors of survival. The study resulted to a expiration that untreated patients were the most sensitive to case fatality rates. This study suggest that treating breast cancer at stage 1 and introduction of a n extensive breast cancer program are the most cost effective breast cancer interventions. This study is support by the research done by Aylin and colleagues (2005). They recruited women at the mammography clinic to evaluate the knowledge about breast cancer and mammography as breast cancer screening procedure. The spectacular result of this study is that most of the participants (95.3% of the total participants) were aware that women should have mammography screening periodically. They were informed of the fact that breast cancer screening such as mammography could help in the early detection of breast cancer. However, less than 50% of them admitted that they had never had mammography screening.Majority of the respondents (71.1%) were practicing breast self-examination. other related study was conducted by Dundar and colleagues (2006), since breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Turkey , they determined the t the knowledge and attitudes of women in a unta ught area in westward Turkey about breast self examination and mammography.They recruited women with age ranging from 20-64 years. Although majority of the participants have heard or read about breast cancer only 56.1% of them had sufficient knowledge about breast cancer and some admitted that they acquired the information from their health care professionals. Those with information of beast cancer were also those who practice breast self examination. This study revealed that health care professionals play a big role in information dissemination about breast cancer.Table 1. Recommendations for purpose mammographic screening in North American women aged 40 years or older who are at average risk for breast cancer*Group (date of recommendations)Frequency of screening (yr)Included ages (yr)40-4950-6970Government-sponsored and private groupsUS intervention Services Task compress (2002)**1-2YesYesYes***Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health give care (1998, 1999, 2001)1-2NoYesNoNa tional pioneers of Health consensus conference (1997)No+American Cancer Society (1997)1YesYesYesNational Cancer Institute (2002)1-2YesYesYesMedical societiesAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2000)1-2 if aged 40-49 yr1 if aged 50 yrYesYesYesAmerican Medical connecter (1999)1YesYesYesAmerican College of Radiology (1998)1YesYesYesAmerican College of Preventive Medicine (1996)1-2NoYesYesAmerican academy of Family Physicians (2001)1-2No+YesNoAmerican Geriatrics Society (1999)1-2Yes***Advocacy groupsNational Breast Cancer nuclear fusion reaction (2000)No+NoNational Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (2002)1YesYesYesSusan B. Komen Foundation (2002)1YesYesYesThe above table was taken from the study conducted by Barton (2005)There are several ways presented and studied for breast cancer screening. Its concern is to reduce the prevalence of cancer mortality and to improve the quality of life as a result of early detection, however, there are still people that are n ot aware of breast cancer screeningIn reaction to increase the worldwide awareness of breast cancer, breast cancer advocacy movement has been analyzing the common experiences of women with breast cancer around the world especially those with limited resources. They found out that although there are voice communication barriers, sentiments were consistent across cultures cancer survivors have the same experiences and fears. The beliefs and taboos about breast cancer hinder the awareness programs and treatment. There are also limited resources for man education and awareness. Difficulty in understanding and translating the concept of the disease into English also hinders them in the existence awareness of breast cancer (Errico and Rowden 2006).In consent with this, sociological review of the barriers experienced by the women from different traditional cultures is essential not just to understand patterns of late breast cancer diagnosis but also the importance of interventions and programs. This is necessary for them to understand the healthful health care, specifically in breast cancer. This is because many are still ignorant of the breast cancer. According to Remennick (2006), health care providers and policymakers should try to understand and influence women especially those who are cancer risk to be aware of the disease to detect and treat breast cancer early. There are many geomorphological barriers that hinder women especially those living in rural areas.Socioeconomic factors include poor health insurance, infinite to medical facilities and inability to take time off work. Organizational barriers include difficulty in navigating convoluted health care systems and interacting with medical staff. Psychological and sociocultural barriers are poor health motivation, denial of personalised risk, fatalism mistrust of cancer treatments and fear of becoming a burden on the family members.Still in other cultural behavior, especially in Muslims, women are s trongly controlled by men and therefore may suppress women in breast cancer screening. Remennick (2006) includes in his study the different approaches that abase the mentioned barriers, including implementation of uplifting the educational programs that would enlighten people regarding cancer myths and fallacies. He suggests that health care professional must outreach to their co ethnics. primary quill health care providers play a critical role in determining the configuration with treatment and prophylactic device practices through direct recommendations to their patients. Family medicos and general internists showed that 70% of women who received a provider referral completed a screening mammography within one year versus only 18% of self-referred women (Grady et al 1997 as stated by Santora 2003). However, Over 90% of rural women report that a doctors recommendation to have breast cancer screening is important (Sparks et al 1996 as stated by Santora 2003).It should be noted that clinician compliance is contributed by several factors such as relation with provider, guideline of the treatment, patients behavior and environmental factors. Several studies have been conducted to report the differences of health operate in rural, urban and suburban areas with regards to their health care services in the family practice clinics. It has been pointed out that lower utilization has been a significant factor. Those rural health practitioners have less access to health care services. In a study done by Pol and his colleagues (2001), suggested that rural health services do not lag for patients with access after telling that 9 out of 16 services examined were as high or higher in rural areas.Another study to examine the variations in breast cancer screening among primary care clinicians by geographic location of clinical practice was done by Santora (2003). Physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants were included in the study and were classified into urban, rural and suburban categories based upon practice location. The study revealed that although there was no significant difference in the practice location, there was patent variation in the practice of breast screening.It was reported that urban and suburban health practitioners were less pliant with the use of breast cancer guidelines as compared to clinicians in rural areas. Primary care clinicians, including physicians, nurse practitioners and physicians assistants lack a consistent. This study revealed that geographic location is not the main factor of inharmonious medical approach to breast cancer screening. Although the difference in the approaches to the procedure is uncertain in this study.A related study about General Practitioners (GPs) knowledge, beliefs and attitudes toward breast screening, and their association with practice based-organizations of breast cancer screening, was conducted by Bekker, Morrisona and Marteau (1999). This study revealed that womens a ttendance for breast cancer screening may be increased due to raising GPs perceptions of the threat of breast cancer. General practitioners addressed their concerns about the procedure and enhanced their views on the importance of primary health care in breast cancer screening programs. personaAdjei, A. A., 2006, A final word about genetic differences, American Association for Cancer Research, acquirable at http//www.aacr.org/page4444.aspx.American Cancer Society 2005, ready(prenominal) at http//www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_1X_What_is_breast_cancer_5.aspAnderson, B. 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